Events have causes that generate observable patterns. (K.PS3.1, K.PS3.2, K.ESS3.2, 1.ESS3.1, 2.PS1.4, 2.LS2.1)
Simple tests can be designed to gather evidence to support/refute students ideas about causes. (K.PS2.1, K.PS2.2, 1.PS4.1, 1.PS4.2, 1.PS4.3, 2.PS1.2)
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Cause and effect relationships are routinely identified, tested, and used to explain change. (3.PS2.1, 3.PS2.3, 3.PS2.4, 3.LS2.1, 3.LS3.2, 3.LS4.2, 4.LS4.3, 3.ESS3.1, 4.PS4.2, 4.ESS2.1, 4.ESS3.1, 4.ESS3.2, 5.PS1.4, 5.PS2.1, 6.PS1.4)
Events that occur together with regularity might or might not be a cause and effect relationship.
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Relationships can be classified as causal or correlational, and correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (6.LS1.8, 6.ESS2.5, 7.LS2.1, 7.ESS3.1, 7.ESS3.3, 7.ESS3.4, 8.PS2.3, 8.PS2.5, 8.LS3.2)
Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. (8.LS1.4, 8.LS1.5, 8.LS4.4, 8.LS4.5, 8.LS4.6)
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Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation, and to make claims about specific causes and effects. (PS.PS2.1, PS.PS2.5, PS.PS4.1, CH.PS4.1, PH.PS2.1, PH.PS2.5, PH.PS4.1, B.LS2.8, B.LS3.1, B.LS3.2, B.LS4.2, B.LS4.4, B.LS4.5, ES.ESS1.3, ES.ESS2.4, ES.ESS3.1, ES.ESS3.5, EN.ESS2.4, EN.ESS3.1)
Cause and effect relationships can be suggested and predicted for complex natural and human designed systems by examining what is known about smaller scale mechanisms within the system. (PS.PS1.5, PS.PS4.4, CH.PS1.5, PH.PS4.4, PH.PS4.5)
Systems can be designed to cause a desired effect. (PS.PS2.3, PH.PS2.3)
Changes in a system may have various causes that may not have equal effects.
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